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Environment variables
Conclusion

If you need to read the values of environment variables when the app runs, as opposed to when the app is built, you can use $env/dynamic/private instead of $env/static/private:

src/routes/+page.server
import { redirect, fail } from '@sveltejs/kit';
import { env } from '$env/dynamic/private';

export function load({ cookies }) {
	if (cookies.get('allowed')) {
		redirect(307, '/welcome');
	}
}

export const actions = {
	default: async ({ request, cookies }) => {
		const data = await request.formData();

		if (data.get('passphrase') === env.PASSPHRASE) {
			cookies.set('allowed', 'true', {
				path: '/'
			});

			redirect(303, '/welcome');
		}

		return fail(403, {
			incorrect: true
		});
	}
};
import { redirect, fail } from '@sveltejs/kit';
import { env } from '$env/dynamic/private';

export function load({ cookies }) {
	if (cookies.get('allowed')) {
		redirect(307, '/welcome');
	}
}

export const actions = {
	default: async ({ request, cookies }) => {
		const data = await request.formData();

		if (data.get('passphrase') === env.PASSPHRASE) {
			cookies.set('allowed', 'true', {
				path: '/'
			});

			redirect(303, '/welcome');
		}

		return fail(403, {
			incorrect: true
		});
	}
};

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<script>
	let { form } = $props();
</script>
 
<form method="POST">
	<label>
		enter the passphrase
		<input name="passphrase" autocomplete="off" />
	</label>
</form>
 
{#if form?.incorrect}
	<p class="error">wrong passphrase!</p>
{/if}
 
<style>
	.error {
		color: red;
	}
</style>